Introduction

(You can reference the full text of the bill here.)

On July 4th, 2025, at 5:46 PM EST, Donald Trump signed the “One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB)” Act. It is an incredibly sweeping piece of legislation, at over 940 pages long. The OBBB includes everything you could think of: reparations for those affected by nuclear waste from the Manhattan Project, retractions of bills passed under Joe Biden, and the reallocation of trillions of taxpayer dollars.

Narrowly passing through the House and Senate, with votes mostly holding to party lines, the bill has become more than just legislation. It has become a symbol of the Republican trifecta in the House, Senate and Executive branches…and the power they wield as a result. The bill has caused unexpected political splits—not just down the political aisle, but inside party lines as well. The deficit spending introduced in the bill started a major fallout between Trump and Elon Musk. Even hard-line Trump supporters such as Marjorie Taylor Greene have criticized the bill for the power it takes away from states, especially regarding the regulation of AI. 

The bill’s power mostly comes from its status as a spending bill. By removing funds from various federal programs and directing the funds for use in other programs, it can manipulate a broad number of federal functions and social programs. This has drawn fiery criticism from Democrats such as Representative Hakeem Jeffries, who gave an 8-hour-long filibuster speech in the House in an attempt to stop the bill from passing—and set a new record for longest speech on the House floor. 

The One Big Beautiful Bill is as controversial as it is big—and boy, is it big (attempting to download it crashed one of our writers’ computers). Its length mostly comes from the paragraphs of legal jargon present in all legislation. You can find the full text of the legislation here. However, reading all ten titles of the legislation may seem incredibly daunting—and that’s what we’re here for. 

This special report will first go title-by-title into the impacts of each section of legislation. Then, we’ll examine every individual section of the bill, providing one of the most comprehensive, accessible looks at the extensive OBBB that you’ll find anywhere.

So what has President Trump really signed America up for? 

This is:

One Big Beautiful Bill: The Complete Receipt.

Title Impacts

Note to our readers: This section will often reference various sections directly from the OBBB. An explanation of all the sectional impacts can be found in our “Section by Section Analysis,” below this section, “Title Impacts.” 

TITLE I--COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION, AND FORESTRY

Title I, Subtitle A, is about nutrition benefits and subsidies for farmers. The first key issue is the placement of new barriers—like work requirements and stricter citizenship requirements—for a person to qualify for SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) benefits. These benefits help 42 million Americans afford food. SNAP will also lose a large portion of its federal funding, leaving states to carry a greater burden (Section 10106). Different sources have different estimates, but it is predicted that the OBBB will reduce or eliminate SNAP benefits for between 3 and 22 million Americans. The National Education and Obesity Prevention Grant Program, which has focused on promoting healthy food choices to low-income individuals, is also being defunded. This is despite the presence of the “Make America Healthy Again” campaign championed by the White House, which explicitly names obesity as a critical health challenge.

The next area of note concerns forestry. It's only section states that foresters given federal funding to help manage wildfire risks will have leftover money recollected. The Inflation Reduction Act’s previous funding to foresters has largely been unused. Separately, the recent Kerr County floods in Texas have sparked backlash toward the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) over the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) response to natural disasters. Just days after the disaster that has killed over 129 Americans, federal documents showed that FEMA failed to respond to nearly 2/3 of calls to its disaster assistance line after budget cutting efforts resulted in hundreds of contractors being fired from the call lines. 

The next subtitles are about agriculture, where farming acres can be increased, risk costs and economic/disaster losses will be more easily reimbursed, more groups can get subsidies/crop insurance, and marketing loans with crops as collateral are extended. Policy updates and additional funding are being given to agricultural products (namely textiles, sugar, dairy, and poultry).  The goal is to boost domestic agricultural production, which can consequently lead to a stronger international standing from exports. The OBBB also extends various environmental and disaster programs, including agricultural research grants and animal disease prevention. 

TITLE II--COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES

Title II concerns funding for the Armed Forces and the military. Most of the funding spent is nothing new or special. However, there are some aspects that require further inspection. The first key point is the amount of funding that has been spent. Before the OBBB, the US military budget was $892.6 billion. Under the OBBB, the budget of the US military will increase by roughly $150 billion, putting the budget at a whopping $1.01 trillion yearly. That’s more money than the next 12 largest countries spend on their military, combined.

Next, Sec. 20008, Sec. 20005, and Sec. 20006 all focus on implementing AI technology into the US military. Section 20008 focuses on AI in missile detection, Section 20005 focuses on AI in drones and low-cost warfare, and Section 20006 focuses on AI development itself. These appropriations are a sign of the increasing presence of artificial intelligence in global affairs. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace states that AI has the potential to reshape every aspect of warfare. The US government is realizing that with this bill.

However, the most impactful part of this title concerns immigration. Under Section 20011, $1 billion will be spent to send military forces to the southern border in order to “improve border security.” 6 days ago, according to the Department of Defense, 8,500 military personnel have been sent to the southern border, with the possibility of more coming later. This section only puts into greater focus the exact issue of President Trump’s use of his emergency powers that some have argued risks usurping the role of Congress and bypassing Constitutionally granted rights. 

TITLE III--COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING, AND URBAN AFFAIRS

Title III is the shortest of all the titles. The first section, Section 30001, sets a funding cap for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), a federal agency under the Federal Reserve responsible for enforcing financial regulations and protecting consumers from harmful financial practices. Previously, the CFPB could request a portion of the Federal Reserve's budget to do its job, up to a maximum of 12.5%, or about $146 million. Section 30001 limits this to 6.5%, in essence cutting the CFPB’s budget. Right now, the CFPB’s ability to fulfill more than 80 statute obligations is under investigation from the Government Accountability Office. (They’re being investigated to make sure they’re actually doing their job.) Debate over this section has fallen to party lines—some Republicans have said the funding cuts will force the CFPB to be more responsible, while some Democrats have raised concern that the cuts would lead to the CFPB being unable to fulfill its task. What will come of the CFPB remains to be seen.

Sec. 30002 takes back unspent funds which were previously given to the EPA to develop environmentally safe and climate-resilient communities. The U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs estimates this will amount to $138 million taken back. 

The next cuts come to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which is responsible for enforcing regulations and monitoring transactions for fraud in the financial and cryptocurrency markets. It has an emergency fund of $100 million that they can use in emergencies or unforeseen circumstances without congressional approval. The fund has been used in the past for emergency cybersecurity upgrades, particularly to expand data and risk analyses to prevent another disaster like the 2008 market crash. Section 30003 eliminates this fund—which the House Budget Committee says will save the U.S. $475 million over the next 10 years. However, there are concerns that removing the fund will leave the SEC vulnerable and unable to respond to emergencies. The last section, Section 30004, gives $1 billion to carry out the Defense Production Act (enacted in 1950), which funds domestic manufacturing of military equipment.

In summary, the most important aspects of Title III are the cuts to financial protection firms. While deficit spending will be marginally reduced, the cuts could come at a cost when these firms are unable to protect American finances—and ultimately, the wider American market. 

TITLE IV--COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION

Title IV’s modifications mostly concern space exploration, the Arctic, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The first section, Section 40001, grants $24,593,500,000 to the U.S. Coast Guard to purchase new equipment and increase monitoring of the Arctic. This is significant—it is estimated that as the Arctic melts, valuable resources such as rare earth minerals and oil will be revealed. Experts estimate the value of these resources could reach up to $2 trillion. In 2009, it was estimated that the Arctic could contain 13 percent of the world’s undiscovered oil and 30 percent of the world’s natural gas. The Arctic is also a crucial geopolitical region, situated at the junction of several rival countries—like the US, Russia, China, and Norway—and under growing Russian control. 

Laws affecting the FAA also fall under this title.. Sections 40003 and 40010 appropriate additional funding to the FAA and rescind unspent funds, respectively. While the extra funding will likely reduce plane crashes (something blamed on Trump administration staffing cuts earlier this year), some funds were originally intended to reduce emissions via research into developing low-emission technology and fuels. Their reallocation could lead to increased carbon emissions. 

However, there are other implications for the U.S. in Section IV. Section 40005 allocates roughly $10 billion to NASA to launch missions to Mars programs. It’s worth noting that this section was not in the original version of the OBBB, which included cuts to NASA.

Space legislation continues in Section 40004, which imposes taxes on entering or leaving space. This section is likely a response to the rise in commercial space travel, as seen in companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin.

The final section of note is the removal of the CAFE tax. The CAFE tax imposes penalties on vehicles that do not meet modern fuel economy standards, aiming to make cars more sustainable. However, it has also led to higher vehicle prices and encouraged U.S. automakers to produce larger vehicles, as these exploit a legal loophole to avoid the tax.

Overall, Title IV seems largely focused on future-proofing, including making sure that the Arctic is monitored and establishing baseline regulations for commercial space exploration. But, its removal of environmental red tape could lead to more impacts on the climate—right as it might be our last chance to reverse climate change.

TITLE V--COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Title V covers issues such as coal, oil, water, and green energy production. As such, it is also the most impactful title in terms of climate change. The title begins with Subtitle A, which pertains to oil and natural gas. It mandates the sale of oil leases in Alaska and the Gulf of America (formerly known as the Gulf of Mexico) and removes various bureaucratic requirements for oil drilling. This subtitle aligns with Donald Trump’s “drill, baby, drill” policy, which advocates for a major increase in oil production to lower energy costs and generate more revenue.

However, oil drilling causes significant environmental harm, including increased greenhouse gas emissions, habitat destruction, and the death of marine life. Other sections, such as Section 50103, scale back regulations on oil drilling and energy. Princeton’s REPEAT Project estimates that the bill could increase U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 190 million metric tons per year by 2030. Subtitle B serves a similar function to Subtitle A but focuses on coal instead of oil. As such, its impacts are similar: increased CO₂ emissions and environmental degradation.

However, coal carries additional risks. Mining it often destroys topsoil, rendering land uninhabitable for years, and coal soot is known to contaminate water sources, posing risks to both ecosystems and human health. The next area deals with timber and the use of federal lands. Section 50301 increases timber sales on federal lands, while Section 50302 raises fees for renewable energy projects, potentially discouraging their development. 

Another notable section is Section 50404, which establishes a governmental AI system to support scientific research and data sharing. This move signals a broader governmental shift toward the integration of artificial intelligence. Finally, Title V establishes funding for America’s 250th anniversary, creates a new strategic oil reserve, and allocates funds for water infrastructure projects—including the controversial McCloud River Project, which would raise the height of the existing Shasta Dam by 18 feet and threaten the native Winnemem Wintu’s way of life. 

Title V’s impacts are deep and broad, especially in the face of climate change and environmental action. These sections show a shift away from green energy and technology, and one towards cheaper energy costs and domestic energy security. That shift may help prices, but may not be a price worth our planet. 

TITLE VI--COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS

Title VI mainly focuses on rolling back environmental regulations and rescinding funding for many environmental endeavors, which aligns with the Trump administration’s efforts to cut spending across the board. Some of these include the rescission (canceling a contract) of funding to all of the following entities: the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, air pollution solutions at schools and across the board, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reviews, climate data collection, low-carbon materials for federal buildings, and grants for low-carbon infrastructure materials.

Cuts to some of these programs, such as the EPA’s reviews for permits and climate data collection will harm climate change research, especially at a time when global temperatures have been rising and associated natural disasters have been growing more frequent and more destructive. Yet, this also underscores the fact that the bill is continuing efforts to reduce government bureaucracy and ensure that barriers such as permits are not in the way of private enterprise. The impact of these may not be currently known, but it will likely become very pronounced in a few years.

TITLE VII--FINANCE

Title VII is by far the longest of all the titles. The first chapter reflects Republican messaging of being “pro-family, pro-working class.” It includes several changes to the tax system. Section 70101 adjusts tax brackets to account for inflation, preventing taxpayers from being pushed into higher tax brackets simply because their incomes increased due to inflation. The rest of the first chapter modifies Social Security benefits by providing tax credits for those receiving Social Security.

A hallmark provision under this title is Section 70201, which allows individuals to deduct up to $25,000 in taxes related to tipping income. This policy has garnered bipartisan support, with prominent Democrats like Kamala Harris and Bernie Sanders backing the measure. Another campaign promise appears in Section 70202, which permits taxpayers to deduct $12,500 (or $25,000 if filing separately) from their taxes on income from overtime pay. This “no taxes on overtime” policy may not mean weekly paychecks will increase, but it could mean larger tax refunds for middle- and high-income taxpayers across the nation—that is, if they request the deduction. 

Other notable changes include tax breaks for businesses, particularly those that provide benefits to employees. This reflects a long-standing Republican belief that incentivizing businesses is more effective than implementing direct government programs. For example, Section 70305 provides tax cuts to companies that offer meals to their employees.

Additional provisions affect corporate taxation. Section 70426 limits the amount corporations can deduct by donating to charity, while Section 70431 offers tax cuts to American companies to encourage domestic production. This action has often been criticized by economists and politicians for disproportionately favoring the wealthy and offering limited help to the broader American public.

Title VII is a clear embodiment of traditional Republican economic philosophy. But, these policies may face backlash in the years ahead, particularly if the new tax system is exploited to the detriment of everyday Americans.

TITLE VIII--COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, LABOR, AND PENSIONS

Title VIII concerns federal programs related to health, education, labor, and pensions. Its most notable sections revolve around student loans and student loan debt, like the FAFSA program and Pell Grants. Notably, Section 83002 creates a new type of Pell Grant—a US government subsidy to help undergraduate students pay for college—for those enrolled in trade schools, and Section 83003 increases funding for the Pell Grant by approximately $10 billion. However, these additional benefits also come with increased regulations on the Pell Grant itself and other forms of student aid.

Sections 83001, 82004, 81001, and 80001 change how the metrics determining aid eligibility are calculated, excluding certain benefits. For example, Section 82004 states that time spent in a medical or dental internship no longer qualifies as public service for loan forgiveness. According to the National Council on Teacher Retirement, this change reduces the options available for repaying student loans.

There are also new laws that apply directly to colleges and universities. One prominent example is Section 840001, which states that universities will lose the ability to take out federal loans for degree programs that lead to low-earning outcomes. While this may seem beneficial in theory, it has drawbacks in practice. Several degree programs, though not highly profitable, provide enormous value to the U.S. and the world, as the Washington Post points out.

Other sections reverse recent Biden-era rules, reverting them to Trump-era standards. During the Biden administration, if a university defrauded its students or shut down during a student’s enrollment, those students may have their federal loans forgiven. Sections 85001 and 85002 roll back these protections to how they were in 2020. However, the OBBB doesn’t detail what new safeguards will replace those mentioned above, casting mystery about its true effect on affected students. 

Ultimately, this title of the OBBB focuses on the use and distribution of education funding. While changes to eligibility rules may make programs fairer and more equitable, cuts to programs, alterations to student loan policies, and limitations on repayment options will likely be a hard sell for the 47.5 million Americans currently carrying student loan debt.

TITLE IX--COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

Title IX focuses primarily on federal administration—appropriating funding to and managing governmental agencies (such as ICE). Though relatively short, this section has some prominent impacts.

The most notable provision is Section 90001, which directs $46 billion toward building a wall along the southern border. Yes, after all these years, Trump is finally getting his wall. Section 90002 follows suit, allocating $12 billion for hiring, training, and equipping Customs and Border Protection employees. Section 90004 commits over $6 billion to border checkpoint technology designed to detect illegal substances such as drugs and firearms. These sections reflect a typical Republican stance—strict immigration policy with heavy enforcement.

Section 90003 is arguably the most significant. It appropriates $45 billion for the construction of detention centers for undocumented immigrants—designed for individuals, families, and children. This will represent a 265% annual budget increase to ICE’s current detention center budget. The construction and use of these migrant detention centers has long been a deeply controversial aspect of U.S. immigration policy. Several social justice organizations, such as the National Immigrant Justice Center and Human Rights Watch, have criticized these facilities as inhumane and in violation of constitutional law. These centers are often privately operated, with corporations receiving huge amounts of profit in exchange for housing migrants.

The final sections of Title IX stand out in their own way. Section 90005 provides funding to states to detect and stop drones, implement their own border security measures, and cover costs related to the 2026 FIFA World Cup, whose final match will be hosted in New York. Section 90006 allocates $300 million to protect the president during visits to border states. Moving beyond border issues: Section 90101 grants $66 million to the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program for internal improvements. Section 90102 extends funding for the Pandemic Response Accountability Committee, providing $88 million and extending its mandate through 2034. This committee is responsible for preventing fraud and waste in pandemic-related responses.

All in all, Title IX is a symbol of commonly held Republican policy—more funding for border enforcement. However, its funding for migrant detention centers has come under fire, as it always has, for alleged civil and human rights violations. 

TITLE X--COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

Title X largely concerns immigration, whether by increasing monetary barriers on visa seekers or adding to the budgets of law enforcement agencies. 

A major area covered is fines for illegal immigration, with Sec. 100004, Sec. 100016, and Sec. 100017 placing thousands of dollars in fines for the following actions if conducted by an illegal immigrant: being given parole, not showing up to court, or being arrested by ICE. 

Legal immigration will also become more expensive, with the cost of a work permit increasing to $550 (Sec. 100003), Temporary Protected Status increasing from $50 to $500 (Sec. 100006), and visa application costs increasing by $250 (Sec. 100007). 

Asylum seeking applicants will now have to pay a $100 fee, a change from the previous $0 (Sec. 100002), potentially barring asylum seekers trying to escape the most dire situations. Additionally, illegal immigrants seeking asylum while already in the US will have to pay an annual $100 fee (Sec. 100009). Moreover, those wanting to adjust their status, such as from asylum seeker to temporary protected status, will have to pay fees upwards of $2,000 (Sec. 100013).

Notable, many fees and fines were adjusted for inflation, but the Act grants the Secretary of Homeland Security, currently Kristi Noem, the ability to raise—but not lower—fees without a new act from Congress (Sec. 100003, Sec. 100007, Sec. 100008, Sec. 100009, Sec. 100010, Sec. 100015, Sec. 100016, Sec. 100017).

On top of existing available funding, the Department of Homeland Security will receive an additional $165 billion to fund ICE programs, immigration judges, prisons, the Secret Service, etc. While it will provide money to increase the number of judges (which currently sits at around 700), Section 100054 will restrict that number to just 800 judges, despite massive court backlogs that may require more judges. Over the past few years, Republicans have increasingly attacked rising rates of immigration, citing violence, drug trafficking, job loss, and taxpayer burdens. The House Judiciary Committee in 2024 has found illegal immigration to be a fiscal drain. It is unlikely that earnings from collected fees will cover the amount spent. Larger shocks to the economy are also to be expected with illegal immigrants drastically reducing their participation in the labor force and decreasing consumer spending. Axios estimated Trump’s vow to deport millions of undocumented immigrants could lose the US up to 6.8% of yearly GDP, cutting particularly deep in industries like construction, agriculture, and hospitality. 

Separately, Title X’s Subtitle C--Radiation Exposure Compensation Matters extends the expiration and expands the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, providing more compensation to people impacted by nuclear weapons testing. 

Section-By-Section Analysis

Note to our Readers: All sources for the section-by-section analysis come from the OBBB itself, which can be found here. 

TITLE I--COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION, AND FORESTRY

Subtitle A--Nutrition

Sec. 10101. Re-evaluation of the Thrifty Food Plan.

The Thrifty Food Plan is the average diet of a family of 4. It is used to calculate the amount of SNAP benefits a family needs. This section updates the TFP to scale proportional to the number of members in a household, not the exact people inside it. 

Sec. 10102. Modifications to SNAP work requirements for able-bodied adults.

This change means that SNAP benefits will be cut for everyone unless they have the inability to work due to a disability, are under 18, are over 60, are pregnant, are a native American or in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, or Puerto Rico if the unemployment rate is 1.5 times the national average. 

Sec. 10103. Availability of standard utility allowances based on receipt of energy assistance.

The standard utility allowance (SUA) is a flat rate which families can report for utility expenses to receive SNAP benefits for that month. Under this section, only the elderly or those in a household with the elderly can receive this benefit.

Sec. 10104. Restrictions on internet expenses.

Shelter expenses are the costs of your house—things like gas, electricity and water. These costs are a major factor in calculating who gets benefits like SNAP.
This section states that the cost of the internet cannot be calculated as a shelter expense for benefits. 

Sec. 10105. Matching funds requirements.

Payment error rates are how often a state government either overspends or underspends on SNAP payments. Under this section, the federal government will pay less of the cost of SNAP benefits—leaving more cost up to the states—proportional to how high a state's error rate is. The goal is to encourage states to reduce their error payments. 

Sec. 10106. Administrative cost sharing.

Currently, the Federal Government pays 50% of the cost of the SNAP program and State governments pay the other 50%. This section states that starting in 2027, the Federal Government will only pay 25%, and the states will have to pay the remaining 75%. 

Sec. 10107. National education and obesity prevention grant program.

This section changes the dates that the government will pay for the National Education and Obesity Prevention Grant Program, otherwise known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed), forcing it to end in 2025. This completely defunds the National Education and Obesity Prevention Grant Program.

Sec. 10108. Alien SNAP eligibility.

This section states that no one can receive SNAP benefits unless they are a US citizen, a legal immigrant or are otherwise legally inside the United States on an education, work, refugee or other legal status. 

Subtitle B--Forestry

Sec. 10201. Rescission of amounts for forestry.

Originally, foresters were given federal funds to help underserved landowners manage the risks of wildfires. This section states that any money that isn't spent by these groups by the end of each fiscal year will be taken back. 

Subtitle C--Commodities

Sec. 10301. Effective reference price; reference price.

Reference prices are a metric that says what the average price of a product should be. For example:

“For wheat, $6.35 per bushel.”

They are used by consumers and businesses to determine “a good deal” or “a bad deal.” This section updates the reference prices to new ones, presumably to keep up with inflation and other costs. 

Sec. 10302. Base acres.

This section creates a one-time opportunity for farmers to add up to 30 million new base acres to the national farm program system beginning with the 2026 crop year. A couple of things to contextualize:

• Base acres are the acres that determine a farm's eligibility for commodity program payments, and they have been largely unchanged since the early 2000s.

• The bill allows eligible farms to receive additional base acres based on their planting history from 2019-2023.

• To qualify, a farm must demonstrate that its 5-year average planted acres plus up to 15% of eligible non-covered commodity acres exceeds its current base acres.

• The additional base acres are allocated proportionally based on what covered commodities were actually planted during the 2019-2023 period. If total eligible acres exceed 30 million nationally, the USDA will regulate to ensure the limit is met.

Sec. 10303. Producer election.

This part changes the farm program election process for Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) and Price Loss Coverage (PLC) programs. It extends the program authorization through the 2031 crop year and creates a special modification for the 2025 crop year where farmers will automatically receive ARC or PLC payments without having to make an election. So basically, producers will get whichever program would provide better support for each covered commodity on their farm for 2025, simplifying the decision-making process.

Sec. 10304. Price loss coverage.

Price loss coverage is a federal program that reimburses farmers when the prices of their crops fall below their reference price (see above). The PLC program expired in 2023, but this section extends that program to 2031. 

Sec. 10305. Agriculture risk coverage.

Agriculture risk coverage is another federal program that reimburses farmers when the profit from selling their crops falls below a certain guaranteed amount. This section extends this program until 2031. 

Sec. 10306. Equitable treatment of certain entities.

This section expands the definition of "qualified pass-through entity" to include partnerships, S corporations, limited liability companies that don't elect to be treated as corporations and joint ventures. The change allows these business structures to be treated more favorably under agricultural payment programs, basically treating LLCs and S corporations the same as general partnerships for payment limitation purposes. This means these entities won't face the same strict entity-level payment restrictions that previously limited their ability to receive agricultural subsidies.

Sec. 10307. Payment limitations.

This provision increases the payment limit for agricultural programs from $125,000 to $155,000 per person or entity annually. This is a significant increase in the maximum amount that individual farmers or farming operations can receive from federal commodity support programs like Price Loss Coverage and Agricultural Risk Coverage. The higher limit allows farmers to receive more financial support during difficult market conditions.

Sec. 10308. Adjusted gross income limitation.

This section maintains income eligibility restrictions for agricultural programs, so that only farmers below certain income thresholds can receive payments. The provision continues to limit participation in farm programs based on adjusted gross income levels, preventing wealthy people or large operations from accessing programs intended for working farmers. The exact income thresholds follow existing farm bill guidelines that typically cap eligibility at $900,000 in adjusted gross income.

Sec. 10309. Marketing loans.

This section increases the marketing assistance loan rates for covered commodities from 2026 through 2031. Marketing assistance loans are short-term loans, up to 9 months, that allow farmers to use their harvested crops as collateral to borrow money at low interest rates. The higher loan rates provide farmers with more cash flow support during periods when market prices are low, giving them more flexibility to store their crops and wait for better market conditions before selling.

Sec. 10310. Repayment of marketing loans.

This provision modifies the repayment terms for marketing assistance loans, letting farmers repay at the lesser of the loan rate plus interest or the posted county price. When market prices are favorable, farmers can benefit from market gains by repaying the loan at lower rates than originally borrowed. The section also expands the Farm Storage Facility Loan Program to include cold storage, mobile bins and alternative grain-handling technologies, giving farmers more storage options.

Sec. 10311. Economic adjustment assistance for textile mills.

This section increases the payment rate for economic adjustment assistance to textile mills from 3 cents per pound to 5 cents per pound. The program provides financial support to textile mills to help them adjust to changing market conditions and remain competitive. The increase is a 67% boost in support payments designed to help the domestic textile industry compete with foreign producers.

Sec. 10312. Sugar program updates.

This provision extends the domestic sugar program through 2031 and includes increases in sugar loan rates and storage rates. The sugar program gives price support through loans to sugar processors, helping keep up domestic sugar production. The updates push for continued support for sugar beet and sugar cane producers and includes extending the program's authorization for seven more years beyond its previous expiration date.

Sec. 10313. Dairy policy updates.

This section extends the Dairy Margin Coverage program through 2031 and makes several changes. The updates include increasing Tier I coverage eligibility from 5 million to 6 million pounds of milk per farm, so producers can use their highest production year from 2021-2023 as their enrollment baseline, maintaining the 25% premium discount for multi-year coverage. The provision also gives mandatory funding for USDA to conduct dairy processing cost surveys every two years to improve program data.

Sec. 10314. Implementation.

This section establishes the timeline and the administration's procedures for implementing all the program changes included in the bill. It provides the Department of Agriculture with the authority and deadlines necessary to put the new programs and payment rates into effect. For example, effective dates, transition provisions and administrative guidance for program rollout.

Subtitle D--Disaster Assistance Programs

Sec. 10401. Supplemental agricultural disaster assistance.

Farmers can receive compensation from the federal government for losses caused by disasters. This section updates and increases the money that can be given to make up for these losses. 

Subtitle E--Crop Insurance

Sec. 10501. Beginning farmer and rancher benefits.

This section changes 3 things:

1. Changes the definition of a beginning rancher or farmer (used for insurance payments) from someone with 5 years of experience to someone with 10. 

2. Then, it gives gives more premium subsidies for beginning farmers and ranchers, with support levels decreasing over time:

   1. 5% additional premium subsidy for the first two reinsurance years (years 1-2)

   2. 3% additional premium subsidy for the third reinsurance year (year 3)

   3. 1% additional premium subsidy for the fourth reinsurance year (year 4)

3. It removes the veteran-specific provisions that previously gave veterans additional benefits beyond the standard beginning farmer benefits, making the program more uniform for all beginning farmers and ranchers regardless of veteran status.

Sec. 10502. Area-based crop insurance coverage and affordability.

This section increases the maximum coverage levels available for area-based crop insurance policies to 95% of expected revenue or yield, up from current levels. Area-based policies use county-level data instead of individual farm data to determine coverage and payments. The provision makes these higher coverage levels more affordable by maintaining existing premium subsidy rates, which helps farmers in high-risk areas access better protection. This change allows producers to get coverage that protects against smaller losses while still maintaining reasonable premium costs.

Sec. 10503. Administrative and operating expense adjustments.

This section provides additional payments to crop insurance companies equal to 6% of net book premiums to help cover their administrative and operating costs. For specialty crop policies (fruits and vegetables), it makes sure that administrative subsidies are at least 17% of the premium, which is higher than industry averages. The section also includes inflation adjustments for these subsidies and specifies that these changes should not be considered a renegotiation of the Standard Reinsurance Agreement between the government and private insurance companies. This increases the government's support for private companies that sell and service crop insurance policies.

Sec. 10504. Premium support.

This section increases the premium subsidy rates that farmers receive by 3-5 percentage points across different coverage levels. The increase means that federal taxpayers will cover about 69% of crop insurance premiums for producers enrolling in coverage levels of 55-65%. The higher subsidies make crop insurance more affordable for farmers, encouraging more participation in the program. The premium support increases apply to basic and optional units but don't extend to enterprise or whole-farm units, which are commonly used in much of the Eastern United States.

Sec. 10505. Program compliance and integrity.

This section creates monitoring procedures in the crop insurance program. It includes requirements for data reconciliation between agencies. It also provides compliance resources and tools to detect improper payments before they occur.

Sec. 10506. Reviews, compliance, and integrity.

This section adds to the annual compliance review requirements and creates more rigorous oversight mechanisms for the crop insurance program. It requires statistical sampling of claims for audit purposes and mandates that approved insurance providers verify the accuracy of policyholder information.

Sec. 10507. Poultry insurance pilot program.

This section sets up a pilot insurance program specifically designed for poultry producers. The program would provide coverage for energy costs, temperature control failures, and health-related risks.

Subtitle F--Additional Investments in Rural America

Sec. 10601. Conservation.

This section extends numerous environmental programs until 2031 and appropriates funding for those programs:

• Food Security Act of 1985 - Begins at $625,000,000 in 2025 and goes up to $1,375,000,000 by 2031. 

• Regional Conservation Partnership Program - $450,000,000

• Grassroots Source Water Protection Program - $1,000,000

• Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive Program - $70,000,000

• Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention - $150,000,000

• Feral Swine Eradication and Control Pilot Program - $105,000,000

Sec. 10602. Supplemental agricultural trade promotion program.

$285,000,000 is given to the Secretary of Agriculture to create a program to boost exports of agricultural products from the US. 

Sec. 10603. Nutrition.

The Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 is extended to 2031.

Sec. 10604. Research.

This section extends numerous agricultural research programs until 2031 and appropriates funding for those programs:

• Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research - $37,000,000

• Scholarships for Students at 1890 Institutions - $60,000,000

• Assistive Technology Program for Farmers With Disabilities - $8,000,000

• Specialty Crop Research Initiative - $175,000,000

• Research Facilities Act - $125,000,000

• Competitive Grant Programs - $125,000,000

Sec. 10605. Energy.

The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act is extended to 2031.

Sec. 10606. Horticulture.

This section extends numerous agricultural insurance programs until 2031 and appropriates funding for those programs:

• Plant Pest and Disease Management and Disaster Prevention - $90,000,000

• Specialty Crop Block Grants -  $85,000,000

• Organic Production and Market Data Initiative - $10,000,000

• Modernization and Improvement of International Trade Technology 

• Systems and Data Collection - $1,000,000 until 2026, then $5,000,000 after 2026. 

• Multiple Crop and Pesticide Use Survey - $5,000,000

Sec. 10607. Miscellaneous.

This section extended miscellaneous programs that expired until 2031 and appropriates funding for those programs:

• Animal Disease Prevention and Management - $233,000,000

• Sheep Production and Marketing Grant Program - $3,000,000

• Agriculture Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund - No funding changes

• Wool Research and Promotion - No funding changes

• Emergency Citrus Disease Research and Development Trust Fund - No funding changes

TITLE II--COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES

Sec. 20001. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for improving the quality of life for military personnel.

$7,577,000,000 will be spent on military personnel, including building barracks, online academic skills programs, and benefits for service members. 

Sec. 20002. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for shipbuilding.

$30,285,301,000 will be spent on building new ships for the navy, including upgrades for old ships. 

Sec. 20003. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for integrated air and missile defense.

$24,413,000,000 will be spent on making new Intercontinental ballistic missiles, missile-detecting radars, and testing grounds for those missiles.

Sec. 20004. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for munitions and defense supply chain resiliency.

$30,988,700,000 will be spent on strengthening the military supply chain, including building new factories and mining more rare earth minerals. 

Sec. 20005. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for scaling low-cost weapons into production.

$15,054,000,000 will be spent on low-cost weapon systems, including AI military systems, stratospheric balloons, and reusable hypersonic missiles. 

Sec. 20006. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for improving efficiency and cybersecurity.

$380,000,000 will be spent on improving the Department of Defense itself,  such as by developing AI systems for auditing processes and cybersecurity infrastructure. 

Sec. 20007. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for air superiority.

$8,643,680,000 will be spent on aircraft, including the production of new F-15 aircraft, as well as speeding up the development of F-16 and F-45 aircraft. 

Sec. 20008. Enhancement of resources for nuclear forces.

$14,688,300,000 will be spent on nuclear weapons systems, including improving existing nuclear missiles, modernizing command centers and radar systems, and AI implementation. 

Sec. 20009. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources to improve capabilities of the United States Indo-Pacific Command.

$12,654,600,000 will be spent on military forces in the Indo-Pacific, in sectors such as surveillance, military personnel, and radar. 

Sec. 20010. Enhancement of Department of Defense resources for improving the readiness of the Department of Defense.

$19,842,500,000 will be spent on general military readiness, including the construction of new military trucks, helicopters, and amphibious APCs (armoured personnel carriers). 

Sec. 20011. Improving Department of Defense border support and counter-drug missions.

$1,000,000,000 will be spent to deploy military forces on the southern border to support anti-terrorist, anti drug, and otherwise improve border security. 

Sec. 20012. Department of Defense oversight.

$10,000,000 will be given to the DOD for anything else that’s needed to achieve the aforementioned goals. 

Sec. 20013. Military construction projects authorized.

These sections give the authorization to the DOD to begin spending this money and begin construction on anything they need. 

TITLE III--COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING, AND URBAN AFFAIRS

Sec. 30001. Funding cap for the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau can request a percentage of the Federal Reserve’s operating costs to do its job, up to a total of 12%. This section changes that total to 6.5%.  

Sec. 30002. Rescission of funds for the Green and Resilient Retrofit Program for Multifamily Housing.

Under the Inflation Reduction Act—passed under former President Joe Biden—roughly 38 billion dollars were spent on EPA programs to fight climate change and build climate resilience. Under this section, any money that the EPA hasn’t spent will be taken back. 

Sec. 30003. Securities and Exchange Commission Reserve Fund.

In 2010, the US Securities and Exchange Commission was granted 100 million for emergency, unforeseen expenses, called the SEC fund. They could spend this money without congressional approval. This section removes this fund. 

Sec. 30004. Appropriations for the Defense Production Act.

The President has the power to spend defense production money on anything that he needs, such as new contracts, investment in the production of critical materials and anything else. This section gives 1 billion to DPA authorities. 

TITLE IV--COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION

Sec. 40001. Coast Guard mission readiness.

$24,593,500,000 will be given to the Coast Guard to purchase new equipment, aircraft, ships, and expand monitoring and surveillance of the Arctic. 

Sec. 40002. Spectrum auctions.

Restores and extends the Federal Communications Commission’s authority to auction portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is used for wireless communications, internet services, and emerging technologies, through September 30, 2034. This lets the FCC continue allocating spectrum to commercial users through competitive bidding. 

Sec. 40003. Air traffic control improvements.

$12,520,000,000 will be given to the FAA to upgrade and modernize air traffic control systems. 

Sec. 40004. Space launch and reentry licensing and permitting user fees.

This section imposes a tax on commercial space entry and re-launch in the US—calculated as either a charge per pound or a flat rate, depending on which is cheaper. In 2026, the charge will be 25 cents per pound or $30,000. The price for both will increase each year to keep up with inflation. 

Sec. 40005. Mars missions, Artemis missions, and Moon to Mars program.

$9,995,000,000 will be given to NASA for missions to the moon and Mars, and building the infrastructure to do so. It includes funding for upgrading NASA’s systems, and funding for the construction of launch sites around the US. 

Sec. 40006. Corporate average fuel economy civil penalties.

The Corporate average fuel economic tax (or CAFE tax) is a tax imposed on automakers whose vehicles are not up to fuel economy standards. This section removes that tax. 

Sec. 40007. Payments for lease of Metropolitan Washington Airports.

Airports in the Metropolitan Washington Area have their annual lease payments increase from $3 million to $15 million, starting in 2027, and updated for inflation every 10 years following that. 

Sec. 40008. Rescission of certain amounts for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Any money given to the NOAA under Biden’s IRA (Inflation Reduction Act) that was unused is taken back.

Sec. 40009. Reduction in annual transfers to Travel Promotion Fund.

The Brand USA program, a program that promotes international travel to the US, has had its budget reduced from $100 million to $20 million.

Sec. 40010. Treatment of unobligated funds for alternative fuel and low-emission aviation technology.

Any unspent money given to the FAA to reduce emissions under Biden’s IRA is taken back. 

Sec. 40011. Rescission of amounts appropriated to Public Wireless Supply Chain Innovation Fund.

Any unspent money given under Biden’s CHIPS act is taken back. 

TITLE V--COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Subtitle A--Oil and Gas Leasing

Sec. 50101. Onshore oil and gas leasing.

Removes Inflation Reduction Act provisions pertaining to onshore oil rates and leasing, immediately resumes onshore lease sales and puts a requirement on how many leases need to be sold.

Sec. 50102. Offshore oil and gas leasing.

Mandates at least 30 offshore lease sales across the Gulf of America (Gulf of Mexico) and mandates at least 6 in Alaska. It also puts rates and caps on timing and royalties, allowing the Secretary of Interior to permit oil companies to blend multiple reservoirs into one, with oversight. 

Sec. 50103. Royalties on extracted methane.

Repeals Section 50263 of the Inflation Reduction Act, which assessed methane royalties based on all gas produced, even with venting and flaring.

Sec. 50104. Alaska oil and gas leasing.

Sets minimum leasing amount and bureaucratic requirements for oil drilling in Alaska.

Sec. 50105. National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska.

Resumes the leasing—onshore and offshore—for the National Petroleum Reserve (NPR-A), and helps to boost oil production for the Reserve.

Subtitle B--Mining

Sec. 50201. Coal leasing.

This section restores federal coal leasing that was halted during the Biden Sdministration. 

Sec. 50202. Coal royalty.

This section temporarily reduces the federal royalty rate that coal companies pay from 12.5% to 7% through September 30, 2034. The lower royalty rate is designed to make coal mining more profitable and encourage increased production on federal lands.

Sec. 50203. Leases for known recoverable coal resources.

This section requires the Secretary of the Interior to make available for lease at least 4 million additional acres of federal land with known recoverable coal resources within 90 days. Thus, it opens up vast new areas for coal mining that were previously unavailable.

Sec. 50204. Authorization to mine Federal coal.

The Department of the Interior will be given authority to provide any additional approvals needed for mining operations to commence on previously issued coal leases. Companies can move forward with extraction activities more quickly once they hold valid federal coal leases.

Subtitle C--Lands

Sec. 50301. Timber sales and long-term contracting for the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management.

This section requires significantly increased timber sales from federal lands through 2034. The Forest Service must sell at least 250 million board-feet more timber annually than the previous year, while the Bureau of Land Management must sell 20 million board-feet more annually. This will undoubtedly lead to more logging on federal lands.

Sec. 50302. Renewable energy fees on Federal land.

This section increases costs for wind and solar projects on federal lands by replacing the current fee structure with higher rates. It also includes orders for removing flexibility that developers previously relied on to reduce costs.

Sec. 50303. Renewable energy revenue sharing.

This section makes a new revenue sharing system for renewable energy projects on federal lands. Beginning January 1, 2026, 25% of revenues go to the state where the project is located, 25% goes to the counties where revenue is generated and the remaining 50% goes to the federal Treasury.

Sec. 50304. Rescission of National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management funds.

This section cancels the remaining funding created by previous legislation for the National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management program for park staffing, visitor services, law enforcement, combating climate change, preserving parks and education. 

Sec. 50305. Celebrating America's 250th anniversary.

This section provides coordination for celebrating America's 250th birthday in 2026. The celebration includes the National Garden of American Heroes with statues of 250 historically significant Americans. 

Subtitle D--Energy

Sec. 50401. Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

This section addresses the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, the world's biggest emergency crude oil supply stored in underground salt caverns along the Gulf Coast. This section continues federal investment. 

Sec. 50402. Repeals; rescissions.

This section eliminates various energy-related programs and funding from previous legislation, especially "Green New Deal" policies and programs.

Sec. 50403. Energy dominance financing.

Provides financing mechanisms for traditional energy infrastructure, prioritizing fossil fuel systems. Financing is designed to build capacity for energy logistics and energy independence by financing distribution.

Sec. 50404. Transformational artificial intelligence models.

This section establishes an "American Science Cloud" system, utilizing cloud computing technologies to support scientific research and data sharing and providing $150 million through September 2026 to develop AI and ML for energy.

Subtitle E--Water

Sec. 50501. Water conveyance and surface water storage enhancement.

This section provides federal funding for water infrastructure improvements and storage projects. This includes controversial funding that could support raising the Shasta Dam in California, a project that would flood the wild lower McCloud River and violate California's wild river protections. This section allows up to $1 billion in federal funding, even though it may destroy tribal sites.

TITLE VI--COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS

Sec. 60001. Rescission of funding for clean heavy-duty vehicles.

Under Joe Biden’s IRA of 2022, states were given money to expand their use of low/zero emission vehicles. Under this section, any unused money from that act is taken back. 

Sec. 60002. Repeal of the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund.

Section 134 of the Clean Air (implemented under the IRA) Act created the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, a federal fund that provides support to communities to help them reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Under this section, that fund is eliminated. 

Sec. 60003. Rescission of funding for diesel emissions reductions.

Under this section, all unused money for the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund is taken back. 

Sec. 60004. Rescission of funding to address air pollution.

Any unused funding given to address air pollution is taken back.

Sec. 60005. Rescission of funding to address air pollution at schools.

Any unused funding given to address air pollution in schools is taken back. 

Sec. 60006. Rescission of funding for the Low-Emissions Electricity Program.

Any unused funding given to fund low-emissions electricity is taken back. 

Sec. 60007. Rescission of funding for Section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act.

Section 211 of the Clean Air Act gave funding to monitor and regulate high-emission vehicles. Under this section, any unused money is taken back. 

Sec. 60008. Rescission of funding for implementation of the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act.

The American Innovation and Manufacturing act directed the EPA to address the use of hydrofluorocarbons (the chemical that kills ozone and led to climate action in the 1990s) in American manufacturing. Under this section, any money given for this purpose is taken back. 

Sec. 60009. Rescission of funding for enforcement technology and public information.

The Adjusted Financial Statement Income (AFSI) is a test used to determine if a cooperation is international or not, for legal purposes. Funding was given to encore and use this act. Under this section, any unused funding is taken back. 

Sec. 60010. Rescission of funding for greenhouse gas corporate Reporting.

Under the IRA, funding was given to help standardize criteria and measurements for corporations to report greenhouse gas emissions. Under this section, any unused funds from this are taken back. 

Sec. 60011. Rescission of funding for environmental product declaration Assistance.

Under the IRA, funding was given to help standardize criteria and measurements to report how products and processes were used, and how they would contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.  Under this section, any unused funding for this purpose is taken back. 

Sec. 60012. Rescission of funding for methane emissions and waste reduction incentive program for petroleum and natural gas systems.

Under the IRA, federal funds were spent to help school buses and other government diesel vehicles switch to lower-emission technology. Unused funds for this cause are now taken back. 

Sec. 60013. Rescission of funding for greenhouse gas air pollution plans and implementation grants.

This section eliminates remaining federal funding for state and local government programs that develop and implement plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. It also cancels grants that helped communities create pollution reduction strategies.

Sec. 60014. Rescission of funding for Environmental Protection Agency  efficient, accurate, and timely reviews.

Cuts remaining EPA funding designated for improving the efficiency and accuracy of environmental reviews and permitting processes.

Sec. 60015. Rescission of funding for low-embodied carbon labeling for construction materials.

Ends federal funding for programs that would have created carbon content labels for construction materials like concrete, steel, and other building supplies.

Sec. 60016. Rescission of funding for environmental and climate justice block grants.

Cancels remaining funding for the EPA's Environmental and Climate Justice Block Grant Program, which provided direct funding to disadvantaged communities for pollution reduction and climate resilience projects.

Sec. 60017. Rescission of funding for ESA recovery plans.

Cuts federal funding for developing and implementing Endangered Species Act recovery plans.

Sec. 60018. Rescission of funding for environmental and climate data collection.

Cuts federal funding for programs that collected and analyzed environmental and climate data, including air quality monitoring and pollution tracking systems.

Sec. 60019. Rescission of neighborhood access and equity grant program.

Cuts remaining funding for the Neighborhood Access and Equity Grant Program, which provided federal grants to connect communities divided by highways and improve local mobility. Eliminates $488 million in committed funding for projects like Portland's Rose Quarter freeway caps.

Sec. 60020. Rescission of funding for Federal building assistance.

Cuts federal funding for programs that helped improve energy efficiency and environmental performance in federal buildings.

Sec. 60021. Rescission of funding for low-carbon materials for Federal buildings.

Ends funding for federal programs that promote the use of low-carbon construction materials in government building projects. Eliminates all incentives for using environmentally friendly materials in federal projects. 

Sec. 60022. Rescission of funding for GSA emerging and sustainable technologies.

Cuts General Services Administration (GSA) funding for research and implementation of emerging sustainable technologies in federal facilities, including programs testing green tech in government operations.

Sec. 60023. Rescission of environmental review implementation funds.

Cancels $100 million in Federal Highway Administration funding. This funding would have improved environmental reviews and assessments for transportation projects. 

Sec. 60024. Rescission of low-carbon transportation materials grants.

Takes back the remaining $800 million in federal grants that reimbursed states for using low-carbon materials in highway and transportation projects.

Sec. 60025. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.

Provides $257 million in federal funding for repairs, restoration, and maintenance at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C., a national cultural institution.

Sec. 60026. Project sponsor opt-in fees for environmental reviews.

This provision allows private project sponsors to pay an optional fee equal to ~125% of the estimated cost of preparing environmental documents to receive faster environmental reviews. However, there doesn’t seem to be any guarantee of review quality or accuracy.

TITLE VII--FINANCE

Subtitle A--Tax

Sec. 70001. References to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, etc.

This section clarifies that all references to the “Internal Revenue Code” within the One Big Beautiful Bill Act mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

Chapter 1--Providing Permanent Tax Relief for Middle-class Families and Workers

Sec. 70101. Extension and enhancement of reduced rates.

Tax brackets will be adjusted to match inflation, preventing tax payers from having to pay more just because their earnings increased with inflation without sizable changes to their income and spending power. 

Sec. 70102. Extension and enhancement of increased standard deduction.

Standard deductions—the amount taxpayers can remove from their taxable income—have been set to higher thresholds and extended beyond previous expiration dates.

Sec. 70103. Termination of deduction for personal exemptions other than temporary senior deduction.

Personal exemptions, fixed deductions per person/dependent, are eliminated permanently. Seniors over 65 with social security numbers are eligible for a temporary deduction of up to $6,000 per year.

Sec. 70104. Extension and enhancement of increased child tax credit.

Children with social security numbers are eligible for up to $2,200 in child tax credits, an increase from $2,000. Other forms of identification and tax IDs are no longer allowed.

Sec. 70105. Extension and enhancement of deduction for qualified business income.

The upper threshold for business income that can be tax-deducted has been raised from $50,000 to $75,000. Small businesses with at least $1,000 in income are also guaranteed a $400 deduction.

Sec. 70106. Extension and enhancement of increased estate and gift tax exemption amounts.

Inheritances and wealth transfers of up to $15,000,000, instead of $5,000,000, can occur tax-free.

Sec. 70107. Extension of increased alternative minimum tax exemption amounts and modification of phaseout Thresholds.

Alternative minimum taxes—a method of getting high earners to pay minimum taxes despite other deductions—are continuously exempt. However, phaseouts of this exemption will occur faster for those seeing more income growth. 

Sec. 70108. Extension and modification of limitation on deduction for qualified residence interest.

Amends the process to claim deductions for qualified residence interest, that being where interest on a home loan could be an itemized deduction. Extends limitations, and the scope.

Sec. 70109. Extension and modification of limitation on casualty loss Deduction.

Amends the process for territories and federal districts to itemize casualty loss (i.e., tangible losses during a natural disaster), extending the limitation and the scope.

Sec. 70110. Termination of miscellaneous itemized deductions other than educator expenses.

Extends the process that prohibits people—except educators—from filing miscellaneous itemized deductions (first introduced in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017). However, it also extends the scope of these deductions for educators to now include coaches.

Sec. 70111. Limitation on tax benefit of itemized deductions.

Reduces the limitation on taxes for itemized deductions by a small amount—but limitations are not applicable for the determination of qualified business income.

Sec. 70112. Extension and modification of qualified transportation fringe benefits.

Extends qualified transportation fringe benefits (i.e. company subsidized public transit to get to work) tax deductions, and slightly amends them.

Sec. 70113. Extension and modification of limitation on deduction and exclusion for moving expenses.

Extends the deduction for moving expenses for the intelligence community and allows for the exclusion of deductions for them as well.

Sec. 70114. Extension and modification of limitation on wagering Losses.

Allows a 90% deduction on wagering losses. It can only be allowed to the extent of the gains of these transactions during the year. This will hamper wagering profits.

Sec. 70115. Extension and enhancement of increased limitation on contributions to ABLE accounts.

Adds a longer timeframe on the increased limitation on contributions to ABLE accounts.

Sec. 70116. Extension and enhancement of savers credit allowed for ABLE Contributions.

Allows deductions on ABLE accounts as they are now considered savers credit accounts. It also reinstates the credit used for these accounts, as per a repeal of a section of the SECURE Act of 2022.

Sec. 70117. Extension of rollovers from qualified tuition programs to ABLE accounts permitted.

Extends the date of these rollovers after 2025.

Sec. 70118. Extension of treatment of certain individuals performing services in the Sinai Peninsula and enhancement to include additional areas.

Makes special treatment (such as special pay) permanent for those doing hazardous duties in these areas, and extends the region to include Kenya, Mali, Burkina Faso and Chad.

Sec. 70119. Extension and modification of exclusion from gross income of student loans discharged on account of death or disability.

Student loans discharged on account of death or disability are now extended and include private schools. It also instates a Social Security Number requirement unless a clerical error happens.

Sec. 70120. Limitation on individual deductions for certain state and local taxes, etc.

Increases the SALT individual income tax deduction rate to $40,000 and the threshold for filing SALT tax deductions to $500,000. However, it will revert back to the default $10,000 in 2030.

Chapter 2--Delivering on Presidential Priorities to Provide New Middle-class Tax Relief

Sec. 70201. No tax on tips.

Hallmark campaign promise, lets people temporarily deduct up to $25,000 until 2028 in terms of tipping taxes. It also instates a Social Security requirement to claim these deductions. Moreover, it instates phasing requirements on adjusted gross income.

Sec. 70202. No tax on overtime.

Another hallmark campaign promise. This section lets people temporarily deduct $15,000 ($25,000 if filing jointly) from overtime until 2028, instates a Social Security requirement, and ONLY applies to FLSA workers, so transportation workers (railroad, aviation) are excluded.

Sec. 70203. No tax on car loan interest.

Gives a temporary $10,000 deductible from car loan interest taxes until 2028, with certain conditions:

• Must count as a car under the Clean Air Act

• Must have a gross weight of no more than 14,000 pounds

• Must be assembled in the United States
  
  

Sec. 70204. Trump accounts and contribution pilot program.

New Trump accounts created as IRAs—Trump account investments are restricted to mutual funds or ETFs that track the returns of an index, do not use leverage, do not have annual fees and expenses of more than 0.1% of the balance of the investment. The accounts have an annual $5,000 cap on contributions. A pilot program is established to provide $1,000 to US Child Citizens who have a Social Security number and are born between December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2028.

Chapter 3--Establishing Certainty and Competitiveness for American Job Creators

Subchapter A--Permanent U.S. business tax reform and boosting domestic investment

Sec. 70301. Full expensing for certain business property.
Allows full expensing for business property, hence making depreciation a write off. Lets companies write off projected depreciation on property on certain pieces of equipment, rather than waiting for years.

Sec. 70302. Full expensing of domestic research and experimental expenditures.

Domestic R&E ventures are now permanently funded rather than having a 5 year amortization. However, foreign research is still subject to the 15 year amortization (basically debt in time over equal installments), meaning companies can write off costs immediately, rather than waiting 5 years.

Sec. 70303. Modification of limitations on business interest.

Reinstates pre-2021 EBITDA business interest deductions, allowing businesses to write off most of their interest and let less taxes be paid on that.

Sec. 70304. Extension and enhancement of paid family and medical leave Credit.

Employers who give workers PTO—for both family and medical reasons—can get an even bigger tax credit under this bill, whether they pay wages or are covered by insurance

Sec. 70305. Exceptions from limitations on deduction for business meals.

Fishing vessels and fish-processing facilities are now given 100% deductions, and with that, businesses get a 100% deduction on work-related meals on taxes, to incentivize work-related meals.

Sec. 70306. Increased dollar limitations for expensing of certain depreciable business assets.

Small businesses are able to now claim up to $2.5 million in deductions on depreciating assets, with a $4 million phase in plan.

Sec. 70307. Special depreciation allowance for qualified production Property.
Production assets now get a 100% bonus, meaning companies that delve into fields such as filmmaking can write off all equipment, saving money and time in the long run from filing deductions on them.

Sec. 70308. Enhancement of advanced manufacturing investment credit.
Strengthens the tax credit for manufacturing components, especially vehicle and energy-related parts. It also raises the credit from 25% to 35%, which expires in 2028.

Sec. 70309. Spaceports are treated like airports under exempt facility bond rules.

Cities are able to get tax-free bonds to build spaceports, similar to how airports are built with government support. This drastically reduces costs for companies like SpaceX, who will almost certainly see a lowering in price.

Subchapter B--Permanent America-first international tax reforms

PART I--Foreign Tax Credit

Sec. 70311. Modifications related to foreign tax credit limitation.

Modifies the allocation of expenses under the foreign tax credit, making the process more stringent than before. This leads to an increase in US taxable income from foreign earnings, lowering the foreign tax credit while increasing the tax liability for many multinational corporations.

Sec. 70312. Modifications to determination of deemed paid credit for taxes properly attributable to tested Income.

Increases the deemed paid credit from 80% to 90% alongside disallowing the foreign tax credit on distributions of previously taxed tested income. Basically, once foreign companies get certain deductions, they cannot get a 10% foreign tax credit.

Sec. 70313. Sourcing certain income from the sale of inventory produced in the United States.

Redefines the sourcing rules for inventory income. Now, instead of US inventory being sold abroad considered as US-sourced, they can let 50% of their income be in the form of a foreign tax credit, helping to avoid double taxation and getting better overseas rates. 

 PART II--Foreign-derived Deduction Eligible Income and Net CFC Tested 

                                 Income

Sec. 70321. Modification of deduction for foreign-derived deduction eligible income and net CFC tested income.

Significantly reduces the tax benefits that US companies get for exporting things abroad and earning profits through foreign subsidiaries. The rates for deductions on exporting abroad are now 33.34%, down from 37.5%. The rates for deductions on earnings profits through foreign subsidiaries dropped from 50% to 40%. This leads to a higher tax rate when companies partake in these activities.

Sec. 70322. Determination of deduction eligible income.

Narrows the scope of what counts, so this now excludes gains from asset sales, and tightens expense matching so that only expenses directly related to income, like making an exported product, rather than everything. This closes down a lot of loopholes that companies used to get more tax breaks.

Sec. 70323. Rules related to deemed intangible income.

For context, Deemed Intangible Income is a part of a company’s foreign income that qualifies for deductions. This adds new sourcing and allocation rules, meaning companies must show which income qualifies and what expenses offset it. Moreover, the Treasury Secretary, Scott Bessent, and the Treasury Department as a whole are instructed to use new regulations to close down loopholes.

PART III--Base Erosion Minimum Tax

Sec. 70331. Extension and modification of base erosion minimum tax Amount.

BEAT is basically a tax discouraging companies from offshoring. This section increases the base erosion minimum tax amount from 10% to 10.5% (albeit would rise to 15% in the near future so some consider it a drop), and 11.5% for financial firms, allows companies to use more tax credits, and removes stepped increases that were originally there.

PART IV--Business Interest Limitation

Sec. 70341. Coordination of business interest limitation with interest capitalization provisions.

Improves how the IRS applies rules limiting business interest deductions by better coordinating them with interest capitalization rules. Those are rules that require some interest to be added to asset costs rather than deducted immediately. This combines 2 rules into 1, meaning companies don’t get double limited on the same interest expenses.

Sec. 70342. Definition of adjusted taxable income for business interest limitation.

For context, adjusted taxable income (ATI) is the figure used to determine how much a company can deduct in a given year. This section changes the definition by removing add-backs, like depreciation expenses, when calculating ATI, lowering it.

PART V--Other International Tax Reforms

Sec. 70351. Permanent extension of look-thru rule for related controlled foreign corporations.

Makes the extension of the look-thru rule permanent. Read more about it here. 

Sec. 70352. Repeal of election for 1-month deferral in determination of taxable year of specified foreign Corporations.

Self-explanatory in the title, repeals the option that allows certain foreign corporations to delay the determination of their taxable year by a month, to better align with the US tax year.

Sec. 70353. Restoration of limitation on downward attribution of stock ownership in applying constructive ownership rules.

Restores a pre-2017 rule that means that downward attribution (read more here) is no longer allowed when applying ownership tests. This massively reduces the burden for US companies, which had no formal control over a foreign subsidiary.

Sec. 70354. Modifications to pro rata share rules.

This modernizes and tightens how pro rata shares are determined (read more about them here), tightening it based on looking beyond formal stock classifications, accounting for hybrid entities (those being entities treated differently in different jurisdictions) and addressing unequal, non-proportional allocations.

Chapter 4--Investing in American Families, Communities, and Small Businesses

Subchapter A--Permanent investments in families and children

Sec. 70401. Enhancement of employer-provided child care credit.

Child care credit provided by employers is expanded to cover a larger percentage and scope of qualified expenses. 

Sec. 70402. Enhancement of adoption credit.

Those adopting children can receive up to a $5,000 credit, even if they did not pay that amount in taxes.

Sec. 70403. Recognizing Indian tribal governments for purposes of determining whether a child has special needs for purposes of the adoption credit.

Tribal governments deciding that a child has special needs in regards to adoption will have the same weight as a decision by a State Government.

Sec. 70404. Enhancement of the dependent care assistance program.

Families can put up to $7,500, instead of $5,000, into a Dependent Care Assistance Program (DCAP). DCAPS are an employer-provided benefit.

Sec. 70405. Enhancement of child and dependent care tax credit.

Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit will be made more accessible by increasing the baseline of the “applicable percentage” to 50%. The “applicable percentage” will still be phased down to 20% for higher incomes.

Subchapter B--Permanent investments in students and reforms to tax-exempt institutions

Sec. 70411. Tax credit for contributions of individuals to scholarship granting organizations.

A new federal tax credit is created for those who donate to scholarship-granting organizations. Elementary and secondary students receiving a scholarship do not have the money granted counted towards gross income. 

Sec. 70412. Exclusion for employer payments of student loans.

Employer-paid student loan assistance will continue to be tax-free. Loan assistance limits will be adjusted for inflation and cost of living. 

Sec. 70413. Additional expenses treated as qualified higher education expenses for purposes of 529 accounts.

529 educational savings accounts can also cover tutoring and educational therapies for students with disabilities, in addition to tuition and course materials. 529 accounts can also cover $20,0000, instead of $10,000 for elementary and secondary school tuition. 

Sec. 70414. Certain postsecondary credentialing expenses treated as qualified higher education expenses for purposes of 529 accounts.

Self-explanatory, 529 accounts can also cover costs with postsecondary credentials (after grade 12), like apprenticeships and occupational licenses, not just traditional college degrees.

Sec. 70415. Modification of excise tax on investment income of certain private colleges and universities.

Private colleges and universities will have a tiered tax system on income adjusted for endowments per student. Institutions with larger endowments per student will pay up to 8%, and the definition of taxable income is also broadened to include interest payments and federal funding for research that will be used to generate intellectual property—patents, copyright—income.  

Sec. 70416. Expanding application of tax on excess compensation within tax-exempt organizations.

Highly paid employees of a tax-exempt organization at any point after 2016 will always be a “covered employee,” even if they leave their job. “Covered employees” may be subject to extra taxes.

Subchapter C--Permanent investments in community development

Sec. 70421. Permanent renewal and enhancement of opportunity zones.

Opportunity zones, as created in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 to boost investment in exchange for preferential tax treatment are to be renewed and reviewed every 10 years. Certain rural communities will also see more benefits. Reporting requirements to track economic and social impacts are to be expected.

Sec. 70422. Permanent enhancement of low-income housing tax credit.

Low-income housing tax credits to states are extended indefinitely, at a 1.12 multiplier instead of a temporary 1.125 multiplier that ends in 2021. 

Sec. 70423. Permanent extension of new markets tax credit.

The New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) is a federal tax credit that provides tax credits to businesses that invest money in a Community Development Entity (CDE), a project between businesses and governments to help communities.
This section makes the NMTC permanent.

Sec. 70424. Permanent and expanded reinstatement of partial deduction for charitable contributions of individuals who do not elect to itemize.

This section raises the deduction cap—how much tax money you can save—you can get by donating to the NMTC from $300—$600 with a joint deduction, to $1000—$2000 with a joint deduction.

Sec. 70425. 0.5 percent floor on deduction of contributions made by Individuals.

This section limits the amount of money taxpayers can deduct by donating to charity to .5% of their income 

Sec. 70426. 1-percent floor on deduction of charitable contributions made by corporations.

Under this section, corporations can only make tax-deductible charitable donations if they exceed 1% of that corporation's income, and the total deduction cannot exceed 10% of the total income. 

Sec. 70427. Permanent increase in limitation on cover over of tax on distilled spirits.

This section makes permanent a tax on alcohol that goes to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, defined as $13.50 per proof gallon. A proof gallon is a gallon of liquid that is at least 50% alcohol by volume.

Sec. 70428. Nonprofit community development activities in remote native Villages.

This section defines fishing businesses in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Sea as non-profits and exempts them from taxes. 

Sec. 70429. Adjustment of charitable deduction for certain expenses incurred in support of Native Alaskan subsistence whaling.

Native Alaskan Whalers can deduct up to $50,000 of their income from taxes, as opposed to $10,000.

Sec. 70430. Exception to percentage of completion method of accounting for certain residential construction contracts.

Construction companies can delay reporting income while working on "residential construction contracts,” not just “home construction contracts.” The delay in reporting can also be extended to 3 years instead of 2.

Subchapter D--permanent investments in small business and rural America

Sec. 70431. Expansion of qualified small business stock gain exclusion.

More tax benefits are granted to those holding qualified small business stock, such as allowing more capital gains to be excluded from gross income and having a shorter holding period to receive tax benefits.

Sec. 70432. Repeal of revision to de minimis rules for third party network transactions.

Third-party money transfer platforms—like PayPal and Zelle—do not have to report transactions unless they are more than $20,000, up from $600, and unless more than 200 transactions have occurred.

Sec. 70433. Increase in threshold for requiring information reporting with respect to certain payees.

Miscellaneous income reporting is only required after $2,000, up from $600.

Sec. 70434. Treatment of certain qualified sound recording productions.

Alongside film and theater productions, sound recording productions—like music labels—can receive tax incentives, such as up to benefits for up to $150,000 qualified expenses. 

Sec. 70435. Exclusion of interest on loans secured by rural or agricultural real property.

25% of interest earned by qualified lenders to rural and agricultural real estate will not be counted as gross income.

Sec. 70436. Reduction of transfer and manufacturing taxes for certain Devices.

The $200 transfer and manufacturing tax for firearms—besides machine guns and destructive devices—is eliminated. 

Sec. 70437. Treatment of capital gains from the sale of certain farmland property.

Qualified farmers who have used land for farming for at least 10 years can pay capital gains tax on selling farm land in four installments, instead of all at once. 

Sec. 70438. Extension of rules for treatment of certain disaster-related personal casualty losses.

The enactment period of the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020—which allows taxpayers to reduce gross income due to being in a disaster zone—is extended to start as the OBBB is enacted. 

Sec. 70439. Restoration of taxable REIT subsidiary asset test.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS), real estate owning companies, can hold more capital—25% vs. 20%—in their subsidiaries. 

Chapter 5--Ending Green New Deal Spending, Promoting America-first Energy, and Other Reforms

Subchapter A--Termination of Green new deal subsidies

Sec. 70501. Termination of previously-owned clean vehicle credit.

Tax credits for used clean vehicles will end early, in 2025 vs. 2032. 

Sec. 70502. Termination of clean vehicle credit.

Tax credits for clean vehicles will end early, in 2025 vs. 2032.

Sec. 70503. Termination of qualified commercial clean vehicles credit.

Tax credits for clean commercial vehicles will end early, in 2025 vs. 2032.

Sec. 70504. Termination of alternative fuel vehicle refueling property Credit.

Tax credits for alternative fuel stations—like electric vehicle chargers—will end early, in 2026 vs. 2032.

Sec. 70505. Termination of energy efficient home improvement credit.

Tax credits for home improvements to make a home energy efficient will end early, in 2025 vs 2032. Moreover, for an oil furnace or water boiler to qualify, it must now fulfil additional requirements. 

Sec. 70506. Termination of residential clean energy credit.

Tax credits for residential clean energy—like solar panels—will end early, in 2025 vs 2034. 

Sec. 70507. Termination of energy efficient commercial buildings deduction.

Tax credits for commercial buildings to have energy-efficient infrastructure end on June 30, 2026.

Sec. 70508. Termination of new energy efficient home credit.

Tax credits for the construction of energy-efficient homes will end early, in 2026 vs. 2032.

Sec. 70509. Termination of cost recovery for energy property.

For all projects starting in 2025, solar and wind energy properties will have reduced tax benefits. 

Sec. 70510. Modifications of zero-emission nuclear power production credit.

No foreign or foreign-influenced entities shall receive credits for producing nuclear power. 

Sec. 70511. Termination of clean hydrogen production credit.

Tax credits for clean hydrogen production will end early, in 2028 vs. 2033.

Sec. 70512. Termination and restrictions on clean electricity production credit.

Restricts tax credits for the production of clean energy by placing stricter penalties on foreign entities for benefiting from/influencing US energy production.

Sec. 70513. Termination and restrictions on clean electricity investment credit.

Tax credits for wind and solar facilities will be significantly scaled back starting in 2028, and ownership of these facilities must be domestic.

Sec. 70514. Phase-out and restrictions on advanced manufacturing production credit.

Domestic content is required to receive a tax credit. Credits for producing most critical minerals—like ones associated with wind energy—will be phased out by 2034.

Sec. 70515. Restriction on the extension of advanced energy project credit program.

Funding for the Advanced Energy Project Credit program is capped to not increase. 

Subchapter B--Enhancement of America-first energy policy

Sec. 70521. Extension and modification of clean fuel production credit.

Extends clean fuel tax incentives while reshaping regulations for efficiency, domestic sourcing and simplified accounting, also giving small agribiodiesel producers a boost. This is temporary until 2029.

Sec. 70522. Restrictions on carbon oxide sequestration credit.

Modifies the tax credit for capturing and storing CO2. This section also blocks foreign adversaries and foreign-influenced entities from claiming the credit, a jab at Chinese strides in the field.

Sec. 70523. Intangible drilling and development costs taken into account for purposes of computing adjusted financial statement income.

This section ensures oil and gas companies don’t get taxed on financial income that they've deducted, and instates a requirement to exclude those expenses to prevent double-counting.

Sec. 70524. Income from hydrogen storage, carbon capture, advanced nuclear, hydropower, and geothermal energy added to qualifying income of certain publicly traded partnerships.

The title is self-explanatory; these industries can now get better tax rates as a partnership rather than a corporation.

Sec. 70525. Allow for payments to certain individuals who dye fuel.

Authorizes payments for those who use dyed fuel or kerosene, reimbursing them for the fuel tax, provided they follow all rules and regulations starting in 2029.

Subchapter C--Other reforms

Sec. 70531. Modifications to de minimis entry privilege for commercial Shipments.

If you shop on Temu and Shein, you’re out of luck. This tightens the de minimis rule, which allows small packages worth less than $800 to come into the US with no tariffs, which has been used heavily by companies like Temu. Instates stricter penalties of up to $10,000 to prevent misuse.

Chapter 6--Enhancing Deduction and Income Tax Credit Guardrails, and Other Reforms

Sec. 70601. Modification and extension of limitation on excess business losses of noncorporate taxpayers.

Noncorporate business taxpayers—basically those who run small businesses— can’t deduct unlimited business losses in a year, but rather have a permanent limit on these unlimited business losses. 

Sec. 70602. Treatment of payments from partnerships to partners for property or services.

Refines how payments from partnerships to partners work, shifting control from regulations to guidance.

Sec. 70603. Excessive employee remuneration from controlled group members and allocation of deduction.

Parent companies cannot separately deduct up to $1 million for high-ranking and high-paid executives; rather, they must add up all compensation and split it proportionally if it exceeds $1 million.

Sec. 70604. Excise tax on certain remittance transfers.

A 1% excise tax is imposed on certain remittance transfers, those being ones only paid by cash, money orders, and cashier’s checks. The sender pays the tax, and the transfer provider gives that tax to the IRS quarterly. This does not apply to credit cards yet.

Sec. 70605. Enforcement provisions with respect to COVID-related employee retention credits.

Crackdown on COVID-related employee retention credits, does not allow any credits after January 31, 2024, gives fines of up to $1000 for fraudulent claims and gives the IRS a 6-year audit period to find fraud within these.

Sec. 70606. Social security number requirement for American Opportunity and Lifetime Learning credits.

Title self-explanatory, you must include your SSN, and if filing for a student, the student as well. Also mandates an Employer Identification Number (EIN) on tax returns to claim this credit.

Sec. 70607. Task force on the replacement of Direct File.

Gives the Treasury 90 days to find ways to enhance the Direct File system through a tax force, and after further analysis, must be implemented in 2028.

Subtitle B--Health

Chapter 1--Medicaid

Subchapter A--reducing fraud and improving enrollment processes

Sec. 71101. Moratorium on implementation of rules relating to eligibility and enrollment in Medicare Savings Programs.

Imposes a moratorium on a federal rule that would help to tighten eligibility and enrollment standards for Medicare Savings programs, in essence making sure further analysis confirms little to no net negative harm.

Sec. 71102. Moratorium on implementation of rules relating to eligibility and enrollment for Medicaid, CHIP, and the Basic Health Program.

Imposes a moratorium on a federal rule that would help streamline, but tighten the enrollment and eligibility process for these programs until 2034. This will help prevent enrollment disruptions, while the effect of these programs can be audited to confirm whether any harm will occur due to the implementation.

Sec. 71103. Reducing duplicate enrollment under the Medicaid and CHIP Programs.

Amends the Social Security Act to require states to collect and update beneficiary information to ensure that the same person isn’t enrolled in the same state and directs the HHS to create a new system that prevents people from being enrolled in these programs in more than 1 state. 

Sec. 71104. Ensuring deceased individuals do not remain enrolled.

Amends the Social Security Act to make sure states review the Death Master File at a minimum of quarterly, ensuring that deceased individuals do not remain. In the event of an error, the state must re-enroll as soon as possible. The policy takes effect in January 2027, a whole year earlier than before.

Sec. 71105. Ensuring deceased providers do not remain enrolled.

Amends the Social Security Act to ensure that whenever a provider is re-enrolled, the Death Master File is checked at least quarterly to determine whether such provider or supplier is deceased.

Sec. 71106. Payment reduction related to certain erroneous excess payments under Medicaid.

Slightly modifies the threshold related to payment reduction, expands recoupment trippers, and limits federal waivers so that the HHS can only waive if program errors exceed 3%. Takes effect starting FY 2030.

Sec. 71107. Eligibility redeterminations.

Every 6 months, the state makes a redetermination for a specific set of individuals, those being Medicaid expansion adults above 138% of the poverty line. After the plausibly immediate enactment, by 180 days shall the HHS Secretary shall issue guidance on the implementation of this section.

Sec. 71108. Revising home equity limit for determining eligibility for long-term care services under the Medicaid Program.

Raises home equity cap used in determining eligibility for long-term care to $1M, giving states flexibility in counting home asset value. Raising the cap means that more older adults keep their home value while qualifying, which could overburden the budget as more people could qualify without spending down their home value.

Sec. 71109. Alien Medicaid eligibility.

Only allows Medicaid payments for those who are a resident of 1 of the 50 states, DC, or a territory, and:

• Are a citizen/national of the US

• A permanent resident, not including visitors, tourists, diplomats, and students who are here temporarily

• Cuban and Haitian Refugees

• Citizens of certain Pacific Island nations living in the US legally

Sec. 71110. Expansion of FMAP for emergency Medicaid.

Changes in federal funding rules for emergency Medicaid: States do not get higher rates; rather, they will be reimbursed at the regular Federal matching rate (FMAP), putting much of the burden on the states to cover emergency Medicaid for immigrants.

Subchapter B--Preventing wasteful spending

Sec. 71111. Moratorium on implementation of rule relating to staffing standards for long-term care facilities under the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

The HHS Secretary must not enforce the CMS final staffing rule for long-term care facilities until 2034, to study the impacts of the minimum registered nurse levels that this clause implements.

Sec. 71112. Reducing State Medicaid costs.

Shortens the period that states have to pay for medical care before one applies to Medicaid or CHIP, leading to lower state expenses.

Sec. 71113. Federal payments to prohibited entities.

For a year, no Medicaid funds can be used to pay certain prohibited entities that have received $800,000 in Medicaid payments, such as 501(c)(3)s related to medical care and those who provide for abortions, with exceptions for rape, incest, and the life of the mother.

Subchapter C--Stopping abusive financing practices

Sec. 71114. Sunsetting increased FMAP incentive.

Ends the 5% federal funding bonus that states got for Medicaid expansion from the ACA after 2026.

Sec. 71115. Provider taxes.

Sets strict new limits on state-imposed provider taxes linked to Medicaid, closing off states’ ability to raise more federal matches by provider taxes. This leads to it being one of the biggest cost-controlling areas, with $200 billion in savings projected due to this clause. Moreover, expansion states must reduce their threshold where providers are reimbursed down to 3.5%, with exceptions for select facilities.

Sec. 71116. State directed payments.

Limits how much states can boost provider payments; expansion states are capped at 100% while non-expansion states are capped at 110% of Medicare rates. In regard to grandfathered payments—such as ones in rural hospitals—the total payment rates decrease by 10% each year until cap levels are reached, with the potential to vastly impact rural hospitals.

Sec. 71117. Requirements regarding waiver of uniform tax requirement for Medicaid provider tax.

Imposes requirements about states seeking a waiver from the uniform tax requirements by making sure states demonstrate budget neutrality and showing that it won’t increase federal Medicaid spending. This closes a loophole that could allow states to inflate federal matching funds.

Sec. 71118. Requiring budget neutrality for Medicaid demonstration projects under section 1115.

After January 1st, 2027, the HHS Secretary cannot allow a pilot or demonstration project unless the Chief Actuary of the CMS can show that the project cannot increase federal funding. If this is found to be the case, the Secretary must specify how to do so to keep the costs down.

Subchapter D--increasing personal accountability

Sec. 71119. Requirement for States to establish Medicaid community engagement requirements for certain Individuals.

Work requirements, one of the most controversial programs in this bill. Those on Medicaid expansion must work 80 hours a week to ensure that they keep Medicaid coverage. Those on the poverty line must work 20 hours a week. In terms of work, things such as volunteering and caregiving do count. There are some exemptions, such as pregnant individuals, parents of young children, veterans with disabilities, those who have weak health, and others.

Sec. 71120. Modifying cost sharing requirements for certain expansion individuals under the Medicaid program.

This introduces new Medicaid cost-sharing—out-of-pocket—requirements, leading to people receiving expansion Medicaid having to pay up to $35/service, as long as it doesn’t exceed 5% of the family’s income. There are exemptions such as Rural Health Clinics, Federally Qualified Health Centers and things like emergency care, hospice care and pregnancy care are exempt.

Subchapter E--Expanding access to care

Sec. 71121. Making certain adjustments to coverage of home or community-based services under Medicaid.

This section gives states more leverage over the coverage of  HCBS, letting some services go from full entitlement to structured benefits. This is intended to encourage home-based care and reduce reliance on things like nursing homes; however, it could lead to varying outcomes per state, as each operating budget is different

Chapter 2--Medicare

Subchapter A--strengthening eligibility requirements

Sec. 71201. Limiting Medicare coverage of certain individuals.

One can only receive Medicare coverage if they are:

• A citizen of the US

• A Permanent Resident

• Cuban and Haitian refugees

• Citizens of specific Pacific Islander Nations

Moreover, this section grants the Social Security Commissioner the power to terminate Medicare benefits.

Subchapter B--Improving services for seniors

Sec. 71202. Temporary payment increase under the medicare physician fee schedule to account for exceptional Circumstances.

Gives a boost of 2.5% for Medicare physician payment rates, helping to absorb rising costs due to inflation and tariffs in the sector as well.

Sec. 71203. Expanding and clarifying the exclusion for orphan drugs under the Drug Price Negotiation Program.

Updates the ACA’s drug price negotiation rules by expanding the orphan drug exception. If a drug targets multiple rare diseases, then it can now qualify for exclusion, which will help families and drug makers alike.

Chapter 3--Health Tax

Subchapter A--Improving eligibility criteria

Sec. 71301. Permitting premium tax credit only for certain individuals.

This section restricts eligibility for the Affordable Care Act’s premium tax credit to individuals who meet a new, narrower “eligible alien” definition, excluding categories like DACA recipients, asylum applicants and those with Temporary Protected Status (TPS) from claiming subsidies.

Sec. 71302. Disallowing premium tax credit during periods of Medicaid ineligibility due to alien status.

Bars individuals from receiving premium tax credits for any month they are ineligible for Medicaid because of their immigration status.

Subchapter B--Preventing waste, fraud, and abuse

Sec. 71303. Requiring verification of eligibility for premium tax credit.

Requires Health Insurance Marketplaces to verify applicants’ eligibility factors—such as income, citizenship, and immigration status—before granting advance premium tax credits. Annual re-verification upon plan renewal is required.

Sec. 71304. Disallowing premium tax credit in case of certain coverage enrolled in during special enrollment period.

Disqualifies premium tax credits for coverage obtained through special enrollment periods triggered by changes in income above specified poverty-level thresholds rather than life-changing events (marriage/birth).

Sec. 71305. Eliminating limitation on recapture of advance payment of premium tax credit.

Removes the existing cap on the amount taxpayers must repay if advance credits exceed their actual premium tax credit. This means people might get a lot of overpayments without a dollar limit.

Subchapter C--Enhancing choice for patients

Sec. 71306. Permanent extension of safe harbor for absence of deductible for telehealth services.

Makes permanent the rule allowing high-deductible health plans to cover telehealth, remote monitoring and other virtual services before the deductible is met. Essentially, virtual care benefits are included in cost-sharing waivers.

Sec. 71307. Allowance of bronze and catastrophic plans in connection with health savings accounts.

This section amends HSA eligibility rules to permit individuals enrolled in bronze or catastrophic ACA marketplace plans to contribute to Health Savings Accounts. A Bronze plan has the highest cost sharing. Catastrophic plans require the highest level of cost and coverage needed for health benefits in times of emergencies or preventative care.

Sec. 71308. Treatment of direct primary care service arrangements.

Fees paid for direct primary care service arrangements—contracts directly between patients and providers—qualify as medical expenses and for other tax purposes, without being treated as insurance.

Chapter 4--Protecting Rural Hospitals and Providers

Sec. 71401. Rural Health Transformation Program.

Establishes a new Rural Health Transformation Program funded at $10 billion per fiscal year for 2026-2030, so states can have grants for workforce recruitment, technology adoption, and chronic disease management in rural areas.

Subtitle C--Increase in Debt Limit

Sec. 72001. Modification of limitations on the public debt.

The maximum national debt is raised by $5 trillion. 

Subtitle D--Unemployment

Sec. 73001. Ending unemployment payments to jobless millionaires.

This section means that you can no longer receive unemployment payments if you are unemployed, but have a net worth of over $1 million. It also outlines the necessary forms and procedures to enforce this rule. 

TITLE VIII--COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, LABOR, AND PENSIONS

Subtitle A--Exemption of Certain Assets

Sec. 80001. Exemption of certain assets.

Certain assets are excluded from the calculation of net worth for the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). These excluded assets include farms, small businesses, primary residences, and commercial fishing businesses. 

Subtitle B--Loan Limits

Sec. 81001. Establishment of loan limits for graduate and professional students and parent borrowers; termination of graduate and professional PLUS loans.

The Federal Direct Loan is a low-interest federal loan program made to help low-income people pay for college and university. Parent Loan for Undergraduate Students (PLUS) loans are part of this program. PLUS loans have higher caps on how much you can borrow. There are two types:

• Subsidized: The debtor does not have to pay interest

• Unsubsidized: The debtor DOES have to pay interest

 Under this section:

1. Graduate students can only borrow up to $20,500 per year in unsubsidized loans.

2. Professional students can borrow up to $50,000 per year in subsidized loans. 

3. Graduate and professional students cannot borrow PLUS loans. 

Subtitle C--Loan Repayment

Sec. 82001. Loan repayment.

Beginning July 1, 2026, all new federal student loans must be repaid under one of the two plans:

1. Standard Plan with fixed payments based on amount borrowed

2. New Income-Driven “Repayment Assistance Plan” charging 1-10% of income (minimum $10/month), waiving unpaid interest, matching up to $50 principal per on-time payment, and forgiving any balance after 30 years

Sec. 82002. Deferment; forbearance.

Economic hardship and unemployment deferments are eliminated for loans made on or after July 1, 2026, encouraging use of income-driven plans.

Sec. 82003. Loan rehabilitation.

Borrowers may rehabilitate a defaulted loan (meaning to remove default on your loan and repay it through a restructured plan) twice (instead of once). For loans made on or after July 1, 2026, one must make at least $10/month during rehabilitation, greater than the previous minimum of $5.

Sec. 82004. Public service loan forgiveness.

Time spent in medical and dental residency (internship) no longer qualifies as “public service” for forgiveness purposes of loans. 

Sec. 82005. Student loan servicing.

The Department of Education will support re-enrolling delinquent borrowers (people who failed to repay loans on time), and build and administer the new repayment plans.

Subtitle D--Pell Grants

• A type of need-based grant for undergraduate students, awarded under the FAFSA. The maximum award was $7,395 in the 2024-25 school year. 

Sec. 83001. Eligibility.

This section means that family income earned from foreign sources will now be calculated as part of determining who gets Pell Grants. It also means that if a student's Student Aid Index (SAI), a metric determining a student's eligibility for loans, is double than that of the maximum Pell grant amount for a year, the student is completely ineligible to receive loans. 

Sec. 83002. Workforce Pell Grants.

This section creates a new type of Pell Grant, the Workforce Pell Grant. This gives grants of money to students enrolled in workforce schools or trades. 

Sec. 83003. Pell shortfall.

The money for the Pell Grant program is increased from $2,170,000,000 to $12,670,000,000.

Sec. 83004. Federal Pell Grant exclusion relating to other grant aid.

Students are ineligible to receive Pell Grants if they have received enough financial help from other programs to cover the full cost of admission. 

Subtitle E--Accountability

Sec. 84001. Ineligibility based on low earning outcomes.

Colleges and universities will lose the ability to take out federal loans for degree programs if those programs consistently lead to low-earning outcomes. 

Subtitle F--Regulatory Relief

Sec. 85001. Delay of rule relating to borrower defense to repayment.

Under Biden’s IRA, students could have their federal loans forgiven if their school misled or defrauded them. These are called “Borrower Defense Laws.” Under this section, loans made before January 1st, 2035 will not have borrower defense laws applied to them, blocking Biden’s rules for 10 years.  Secondly, it refers to the same borrower defense laws passed by Trump in 2020.  

Sec. 85002. Delay of rule relating to closed school discharges.

Federal student loans may also be forgiven if the borrower's school closed or shut down during their attendance. Under this section, all loans taken out before 2030 are subject to Trump’s 2020 rules regarding these forgivenesses instead.

Subtitle G--Garden of Heroes

Sec. 86001. Garden of Heroes.

$40,000,000 is given to the National Endowment for Humanities to build and maintain the “Garden of Heroes,” a new statue garden for American heroes, and to celebrate America’s 250th birthday. 

Subtitle H--Office of Refugee Resettlement

Sec. 87001. Potential sponsor vetting for unaccompanied alien children appropriation.

$300,000,000 is given to the Office of Refugee Resettlement to vet and check potential sponsors for unaccompanied immigrant children. It also includes money to check the children themselves for any issues they have, including gang tattoos, injuries, and mental health issues. 

TITLE IX--COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

Subtitle A--Homeland Security Provisions

Sec. 90001. Border infrastructure and wall system.

$46,550,000,000 will be spent on building a Wall on the southern border. 

Sec. 90002. U.S. Customs and Border Protection personnel, fleet vehicles, and facilities.

$12,007,630,000 will be spent on hiring, training, and providing benefits to new Customs and Border Protection employees, as well as new vehicles and facilities for them.

Sec. 90003. Detention capacity.

$45,000,000,000 will be spent on the construction of illegal immigrant detention centers, for both single persons and families, including facilities for children.

Sec. 90004. Border security, technology, and screening.

$6,168,000,000 will be spent on technology to screen for illegal materials along the border, such as drugs or weapons, as well as additional funds to increase surveillance and screening on the southern border. 

Sec. 90005. State and local assistance.

This section provides:

1. $500,000,000 to state and local forces to detect and stop drones and UAVs

2. $625,000,000 for security and other costs related to the 2026 FIFA World Cup

3. $450,000,000 for the Operation Stonegarden Grant program

4. Any state-side funding needed to build border security measures (like walls, detection buoys, etc.)

5. $10,000,000,000 to anything else border states might need to accomplish the above-mentioned things, to be granted by application from the Secretary of Homeland Security

Sec. 90006. Presidential residence protection.

$300,000,000 will be given to the states for any costs associated with protecting the President while he is within those states. 

Sec. 90007. Department of Homeland Security appropriations for border support.

$10,000,000,000 is given to the Department of Homeland Security for whatever else they may need to enforce the southern border. 

Subtitle B--Governmental Affairs Provisions

Sec. 90101. FEHB improvements.

This section creates the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program, a Federal program that gives health benefits to Federal employees. $66,000,000 will be given to the FEHB to do so. 

Sec. 90102. Pandemic Response Accountability Committee.

The Pandemic Response accountability committee was created in 2020 under Trump, as part of the CARES Act. Its job is to find fraud in the 2020 COVID pandemic, and ensure everyone is doing their job. It was originally going to expire on September 30, 2025. This section extends that date to 2034, and grants it $88,000,000 to continue operation. 

Sec. 90103. Appropriation for the Office of Management and Budget.

$100,000,000 will be given to the Office of Management and Budget to find account efficiencies in the federal budget. (How much money we’ve saved.)

TITLE X--COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

Subtitle A--Immigration and Law Enforcement Matters

PART I--Immigration Fees

Sec. 100001. Applicability of the immigration laws.

This section makes references to Section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, and states that the rest of this title will use the definitions for various terms (like Alien, Immigrant, and Non-Citizen) that are given there. 

Sec. 100002. Asylum fee.

This section sets a $100 fee for an asylum application, which will be adjusted for inflation each following year. 

Sec. 100003. Employment authorization document fees.

This section sets a $550 fee for applying for a work permit, to be adjusted yearly to inflation.

Sec. 100004. Immigration parole fee.

Any detained illegal immigrant who is given parole (definition given in Title Impact section) has to pay a fee of $2,000, adjusted yearly for inflation. 

Sec. 100005. Special immigrant juvenile fee.

Special Immigrant Juvenile (SIJ) status is a legal pathway to a green card given to juvenile immigrants (age under 18) who may have faced abuse by their parents. This section imposes a $250 fee on applying for this classification, adjusted yearly for inflation. 

Sec. 100006. Temporary protected status fee.

This section changes the application fee for temporary protected status from $50 to $500, which will increase with inflation.

Sec. 100007. Visa integrity fee.

This section adds a $250 fee to applying for visas, adjusted yearly for inflation. 

Sec. 100008. Form I-94 fee.

I-94 Forms are for any foreigner in the US on a temporary visa. It is a record of your entry/departure from the US. This section imposes a $24 fee on I-94 forms, adjusted yearly for inflation. Millions of I-94s are issued every year. 

Sec. 100009. Annual asylum fee.

This section imposes a $100 fee for each year an illegal immigrant awaits asylum in the US, adjusted yearly for inflation. 

Sec. 100010. Fee relating to renewal and extension of employment authorization for parolees.

Parolees are those admitted into the US for urgent humanitarian purposes or another urgent need (such as aid workers).  Their status lasts one year, or the duration of their permit to work in the US (whatever is shorter). This section adds a $275 fee to renewing these permits, adjusted yearly for inflation. 

Sec. 100011. Fee relating to renewal or extension of employment authorization for asylum applicants.

Adds a $275 fee to asylum seekers in the US who want to renew their work visas, adjusted yearly for inflation. 

Sec. 100012. Fee relating to renewal and extension of employment authorization for aliens granted temporary protected status.

Adds a $275 fee to immigrants on temporary protected status who are renewing their work visas, adjusted yearly for inflation. 

Sec. 100013. Fees relating to applications for adjustment of status.

Immigrants are able to apply to change their current legal status in the US (for example, to go from an asylum seeker to a special immigrant juvenile). This section adds a $1,500 fee to those applications, adjusted yearly for inflation. It also adds a $1,050 fee to apply for a waiver of inadmissibility. In addition, applying to change from asylum to temporary protected status specifically nets an additional $500 fee. 

Sec. 100014. Electronic System for Travel Authorization fee.

The Visa Waiver Program, or VWP, allows tourists from a list of approved countries (countries that are deemed to be safe and not enemies of the US) to stay in the US for 90 days without a visa. They can use the VWP through the Electronic System for Travel Administration, or ESTA. This section increases the ESTA fee from $10 to $13, which will be adjusted for inflation annually. 

Sec. 100015. Electronic Visa Update System fee.

Adds a $30 fee to enroll in the ESTA, adjusted for inflation yearly. 

Sec. 100016. Fee for aliens ordered removed in absentia.

Any immigrant in absentia (did not attend their court hearings) who is arrested by ICE must pay a fee of $5,000, adjusted yearly for inflation. 

Sec. 100017. Inadmissible alien apprehension fee.

Any illegal immigrant who is not approved to enter the US in any circumstance and apprehended by ICE has to pay a $5,000 fee.

Sec. 100018. Amendment to authority to apply for asylum.

The Attorney General can set additional fees and raise existing ones to whatever they deem necessary. 

PART II--Immigration and Law Enforcement Funding

Sec. 100051. Appropriation for the Department of Homeland Security.

$2,055,000,000 will be given the Department of Homeland Security to fund ICE programs, including the cost of detaining immigrants, the cost of deporting immigrants, the paperwork involved in deporting immigrants, doing fingerprinting and DNA collection of immigrants believed to be abusing children, and the hiring of more staff to complete the aforementioned tasks.

Sec. 100052. Appropriation for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

$29,850,000,000 will be given to ICE to hire, train, provide for, and give benefits to more ICE agents. 

Sec. 100053. Appropriation for Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers.

$750,000,000 will be given to the Department of Homeland Security to build and maintain new federal agent training agencies. 

Sec. 100054. Appropriation for the Department of Justice.

$3,330,000,000 will be given to the Department of Justice to obtain new immigration judges, and cover any other court costs associated with immigration courts. Restricts the number of immigration judges (part of the Executive Office for Immigration Review) to just 800, effective 2028. 

Sec. 100055. Bridging Immigration-related Deficits Experienced Nationwide Reimbursement Fund.

The Bridging Immigration-Related Deficits Experienced Nationwide (BIDEN) Fund is a federal fund that reimburses US states for immigration-related costs. This section will give, at most, $3,500,000,000 to the BIDEN fund. 

Sec. 100056. Appropriation for the Bureau of Prisons.

$5,000,000,000 will be given to the Bureau of Prisons, to maintain old prisons and to hire, train, and provide benefits for new and existing employees. 

Sec. 100057. Appropriation for the United States Secret Service.

$1,170,000,000 will be given to the secret service to hire, train, pay, and give benefits to new and existing employees. 

Subtitle B--Judiciary Matters

Sec. 100101. Appropriation to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.

$1,250,000 will be given to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. 

Sec. 100102. Appropriation to the Federal Judicial Center.

$1,000,000 will be given to the Federal Judicial Center. 

Subtitle C--Radiation Exposure Compensation Matters

Sec. 100201. Extension of fund.

The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act is a fund that compensates those affected by US nuclear weapons testing and uranium mining from 1942 to 1990. The RECA previously expired on June 10, 2024. This section extends the expiration date of the fund to December 31st, 2028. 

Sec. 100202. Claims relating to atmospheric testing.

Extends and updates the federal compensation program for people who developed certain illnesses as a result of exposure to atmospheric nuclear weapons testing conducted by the United States. The following eligible individuals can file claims for compensation:

• People living downwind of test sites

• Onsite participants

• Others affected by fallout from atmospheric tests

Sec. 100203. Claims relating to uranium mining.

Previously, the RECA Act would not apply to some who worked in uranium mines. This section expands eligibility to anyone who worked in a uranium mine, and now accepts claims related to additional illnesses, including some kidney diseases and other types of cancer. 

Sec. 100204. Claims relating to Manhattan Project waste.

This section expands the RECA Act to accept claims related to nuclear waste from the Manhattan Project (The US nuclear bomb project in the 1940s).

Sec. 100205. Limitations on claims.

This section extends the deadline for RECA claims from June 10, 2024, to December 31st, 2027. 

Conclusion

Normally, legislation on the federal level is slow, neutral and generally unimportant to the majority of Americans in their day-to-day life (such as renaming post offices). Most meaningful legal change happens at the state level. The OBBB, however, represents a radical departure from that: it's massive, fast, and incredibly impactful to almost all Americans, with spending cuts across the board that also have the potential to significantly affect Americans.

This bill is everything Trump could have wanted—it makes good on his campaign promises and holds near and true to standard Republican policies. It cuts climate change funding, domestic aid, and any other programs deemed unnecessary by the MAGA movement. At the same time, it increases funding to military, domestic production, and immigration enforcement—key aspects of Republican policy.

But not all Republicans are as lock-step in line with the bill as Trump would like. 

Representative Lisa Murkowski (R-AL) shunned the bill, lambasting the cuts to SNAP and Medicaid. However, after some baked-in Alaska-exclusive provisions essentially safeguarding her state from these cuts, she voted yes. Even then, Senator Thom Tillis (R-NC) still voted no. It cost him his reelection bid.  The influence that Republicans have is not absolute, and with the race for midterms ramping up, going all out may grant the Republican Party victory—or be its greatest folly. 

The One Big Beautiful Bill has a terrific cost. And now, looking at the receipt, we hope our readers can say whether or not they were willing to pay it.